Essential security controls every organization should implement include:

• Access controls to manage who can view or use resources
• Authentication mechanisms to verify identity
• Encryption to protect data in transit and at rest
• Firewalls to filter incoming and outgoing traffic
• Intrusion detection systems to identify potential threats
• Regular software updates and patch management
• Employee training on security best practices
• Incident response plans to address breaches

For a comprehensive list of security controls, refer to NIST 800-53.